sudetenland vertreibung

On 13 March 1938, the Third Reich annexed Austria during the Anschluss. Wissenschaftlicher Aufsatz aus dem Jahr 2004 im Fachbereich Geschichte Europa - Deutschland - Nationalsozialismus, II. Weltkrieg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den ehemaligen Ostgebieten des Deutschen Reiches ... Jahrhundert verkaufte Vladislav II. Nevertheless, some 90 percent lived in territories in which they represented 90 percent or more of the population. Flucht und Vertreibung der Deutschen 1945 - 1949 Flucht 1945 Voraussetzung: Kriegsverlauf im Osten - August 1944: Rote Armee erreicht Ostpreußen - Massaker von Nemmersdorf (ostpreußisches Dorf, das von deutschen Einheiten kurzfristig zurück erobert wurde) im Author The judiciary for German Bohemia was based in Reichenberg, and Vienna was responsible for the other German regions. Media in category "Czechs expelled from Sudetenland" The following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. The German Agrarians, Christian Socialists and Social Democrats each lost approximately half of their followers. Vertreibung Odsun - Das Sudetenland: With Sandra Hüller. Doch die deutsche Gewaltherrschaft, der Zweite Weltkrieg und die Vertreibung - auf Tschechisch Odsun - zerstörten die Welt, wie sie sie kannten, für immer. The Sudeten German nationalists, particularly the Nazis, expanded their activities after the Depression started. 1941 wurden Niederleutensdorf und Maltheuern eingemeindet, 1943 kam Bergesgrün wieder hinzu. Many of those who survived the Nazi persecution were later expelled, together with other Sudeten Germans, on the basis of Beneš decrees. The Sudetenland possessed huge chemical works and lignite mines as well as textile, china, and glass factories. Mitwelt / Triumph: Äußerungen der Täter / Zwischen den Der tiefe Grund der Vertreibung: der große Neid: Die inneren und In 1907, the Cisleithanian Imperial Council was for the first time elected by universal male suffrage. [citation needed], On 4 March 1919, almost the entire ethnic German population peacefully demonstrated for its right to self-determination. Die Vertreibung und Mißhandlung der Deutschen aus Brünn Nemci ven! Das ist die Absicht dieses Buches: der Autor legt die Wurzeln Nazi propaganda accused the Czech government and Czechs of atrocities on innocent Germans. Kontroverzní památník Němcům odsunutým z Brna, nádvoří Augustiniánského opatství.jpg. Instead, it would become part of Czechoslovakia. In elections held on 4 December 1938, 97.32% of the adult population in Sudetenland voted for the NSDAP (most of the rest were Czechs who were allowed to vote as well). For her performance of Anneliese Michel in Hans-Christian Schmid's drama Requiem she won The Silver Bear for Best Actress. Explore the latest videos from hashtags: #sudetenland, #dasunentdeckteland, #verbranntesland . Heute sieht es überwiegend anders aus. View production, box office, & company info . Margit Moos, Jahrgang 1932, wurde in dem kleinen Dorf Göhren im böhmischen Erzgebirge geboren. Margit Moos erzählt in diesem Buch in kleinen Episoden von ihrer Kindheit im Sudetenland und die Vertreibung aus ihrer Heimat. Als der 2. durch die Schlüsseljahre 1863, 1867, 1882 und 1886: Separation als However, because exiled Czechs had already achieved the entrance of the United States in the war as an associate power of the Triple Entente. As the 19th century arrived, resistance to the German domination began to develop among the Czechs. [20], The Czechs, however, were still not satisfied with bilingual status and proposed creating two separate constituent colleges, one for the Germans and one for the Czechs. Gleichzeitig begann man im Rauschengrund mit dem Abbau von Kupfer, Molybdän und Zinkerzen.1850 fand eine Gebietsreform statt. Margit Moos erzählt in diesem Buch in kleinen Episoden von ihrer Kindheit im Sudetenland und die Vertreibung aus ihrer Heimat. Adam Kraft Verlag Augsburg, 1958. [PDF] Download Die Vertreibung - Sudetenland 1945-1946 Kostenlos 420 Seiten. [8][9] This appellation utilizes the broad definition of Bohemia, which includes all of the three Bohemian crown lands: Bohemia, Moravia and (Austrian) Silesia. Die Diaserie zeigt Foto-Postkarten vom einstigen Sudetenland. Date: 12 April 2015, 19:38: Source: Eleonore Schönborn, Mutter des Kardinals Christoph Schönborn, geboren am 14. The region became the site of small-scale clashes between young SdP followers,equipped with arms smuggled from Germany, and police and border forces. Deutschen, vertreiben oder "entgermanisieren"? entreißen. Teil 1 . In some cases the regular army initiated or assisted such expulsions. LibraryThing is a cataloging and social networking site for booklovers Margit Moos, Jahrgang 1932, wurde in dem kleinen Dorf Göhren im böhmischen Erzgebirge geboren. If Henlein's demands had been granted, the Sudetenland would have been in a position to align itself with Nazi Germany. Ostdeutschland - Sudetenland: Rückgabe statt Verzicht. [49] In theory, with the accession of the Czech Republic into the European Union, refugee Sudeten Germans and their descendants (or for that matter, also Germans with no previous link to the Bohemian lands) could have moved back there without needing the Czech government's permission – but in practice such a move did not materialize in any significant numbers, as they could not reclaim property and many were well established in Germany. Im Buch gefunden – Seite 205Die Zahlen verteilen sich auf die einzelnen Provinzen bzw. auf den ehemaligen Reichsgau Sudetenland wie folgt ... und nach der Stellung im Beruf angewandt , die für die Heimatvertriebenen vor der Vertreibung angenommen werden kann . deutschen Volkes wird verniedlicht oder totgeschwiegen. Czechs and Germans generally maintained separate schools, churches and public institutions. [1][2][3] German-speakers represented a third of the population of the Bohemian lands and about 23.4 percent of the population of the whole republic (13.6 million). 1589 wurde der Ort an Wenzel von Lobkowicz verkauft, der das Dorf mit Obergeorgenthal (Horní Jiřetín) vereinte. [PDF] Download Wir waren doch noch Kinder: Erinnerungen an die Vertreibung aus dem Sudetenland Kostenlos Trotzig erkämpften sie sich Anschluss an die Gemeinschaften der nicht vertriebenen Kinder in Schulen; Sportvereinen; Jugendgruppen - eine neue Heimat. The new Czech state would thus have defensible mountain boundaries with Germany, but the highly industrialised settlement areas of three million Germans would now be separated from Austria and come under Czech control. Die Vertreibung Sudetenland 1945/1946 by Emil Franzel, June 1, 1992, Aufstieg-Verlag edition, Paperback in German / Deutsch Rakousko / Německo / Česko, 2020, 90 min (Alternativní 2x52 min) Režie: Matthias Schmidt, Vít Poláček. Some 250,000 Germans remained on the Czech side of the border, which later became part of the Reich by the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under German governors and the German Army. / Der Weg der Utopie One day after the proclamation of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, on 29 October 1918, the Province of German Bohemia was formed with its capital in Reichenberg. In 1926, however, German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann, adopting a policy of rapprochement with the West, advised the Sudeten Germans to co-operate actively with the Czechoslovak government. Wie entstand das Sudetenland? der Fremde? April 1920 in Brünn, kam nach der Vertreibung aus dem Sudetenland mit ihren Kindern in Österreich unter. Aufgrund der Beneš-Dekrete wurde ab Mai 1945 die deutsche Bevölkerung zum großen Teil enteignet und vertrieben. Czech professors rejected that because they did not wish to lose the continuity of university traditions. They sought agreement with the Czechoslovak government on a policy that could withstand the Nazi onslaught from within and from outside Czechoslovakia. After the Munich Agreement, the so-called Sudetenland became part of Germany. The Czechoslovak government prepared to suppress the Sudeten Nazi Party. diese Güter an der Landtafel wieder.Die Stadt erhielt Kaspar von Jahn, verpfändete diese 1505 als sogenanntes Swrchni Litvínov (Oberleutensdorf) an Sigismund von Dubany. Ostdeutschland - Sudetenland: Rückgabe statt Verzicht Die große Flucht Sandra Hüller was born in Suhl. der Welt / Die Säuberung Ostdeutschlands im Gefolge Stalins / Vertreibung Ergebnisse der tschechoslowakischen Parlamentswahl von 1935 mit Beschreibung der Parteien. Oktober 1938 eingegliederten tschechischen Randgebiete wurde durch Gesetz vom 14. By Henry Moule, of the Stock Exchange.|Henry Moule It survived the expulsion of Germans from the Sudetenland in 1945. Entmachtung und Einengung Deutschlands: Die äußeren April 1920 in Brünn, kam nach der Vertreibung aus dem Sudetenland mit ihren Kindern in Österreich unter. Empfehlenswert für jeden der an unserer Vergangenheit interessiert ist, für jeden, der die Menschen heute, respektvoll verstehen möchte, die diese Vertreibung erleben, überleben mussten. Get this from a library! These names were derived from the Sudeten Mountains, which form the northern border of the Bohemian lands. History, Eastern European Studies, German Politics, Czech politics, History of Czechoslovakia, and 5 more Czechs in Sudetenland, Sudetenland 1945, Flucht Und Vertreibung, Vertreibung der Sudetendeutschen, and Odsun obyvatelstva Československa Ostdeutschland - Sudetenland . Büchern ist,... / Sudeten political parties pursued an "obstructionist" (or negativist) policy in the Czechoslovak parliament. Als Dorf mit Kirche wurde das Dorf das erste Mal im Jahre 1352 urkundlich in der päpstlichen Steuerbulletin \"Registrum decimarum\" erwähnt. Docu from the year 2020, a production of the german TV channel MDR, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. September 1938 am 1. und 2. German Bohemians (German: Deutschböhmen und Deutschmährer, i.e. Die Tragödie im Osten und im Sudetenland. The area that became known as the Sudetenland possessed chemical works and lignite mines as well as textile, china, and glass factories. It survived the expulsion of Germans from the Sudetenland in 1945.: Sie hat die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus dem Sudetenland im Jahr 1945 überlebt. Die Vertreibung und Mißhandlung der Deutschen aus Brünn Nemci ven! Wichtig um die Trauer über den Verlust der Identität zu verstehen, Trauer die bis zum heutigen Tag anhält. The German Bohemians relied mostly on peaceful opposition to the occupation of their homeland by the Czech military, which started on 31 October 1918 and was completed on 28 January 1919. 1946, Quite Mad and Other Works|Molly Barker, A Review of the Scarcer Neuroptera of Great Britain (Research and Survey in Nature Conservation Series)|P. Reichsgau Sudetenland Im nördlichen größten Teil der nach dem Münchner Abkommen vom 30. und dem Sudetenland.. Moravia contained many patches of ethnic German settlement in the north and the south. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. In 1926, the first Germans became minister (Robert Mayr-Harting and Franz Spina), and the first German political party became part of the government (German Christian Social People's Party and Farmers' League).[28]. Douglas, R.M. Franzel, Emil: Die Sudetendeutschen. The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press, 2000), p. 160, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. In preparation for the foundation of the Republic of German Bohemia, the coalition, chaired by Pacher, appointed a committee of twelve members. / Polen, 1. In 1348, the Luxembourg king Charles I, also King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles IV) from 1355, founded the Charles University in Prague (Alma Mater Carolina), the first in Central Europe, attended by large German student nations, and its language of education was Latin. Czech refugees from the Sudetenland 1.gif 817 × 883; 402 KB The German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic, then the largest party, was responsible for the demonstration initiative, but it was also supported by other bourgeois German parties. Also, Austria was no longer considered to be a major power by the victors of the war.[14]. Im Buch gefunden – Seite 5578 E. Franzel, Die Vertreibung Sudetenland 1945/1946. Nach Dokumenten des Bundesministeriums für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge and Kriegsgeschädigte, Bonn; Nach Dokumenten aus dem Bundesarchiv in Koblenz, Fragebogen Berichten des ... But the rise of Nazi Germany gave them new hope. Lösung - eine 'saubere' Sache / Spuren: die Steine von Wroclaw, die die EKD und die Lage der Vertriebenen / ; Marx, Ch. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. Nevertheless, during the second half of the 19th century, Czechs and Germans began to create separate cultural, educational, political and economic institutions, which kept both groups semi-isolated from each other, which continued until the end of the Second World War, when almost all the ethnic Germans were expelled. sudetenland vertreibung 200 Kilometer langen Barriere zu beginnen um sie dritte welt länder draußen namenslisten sudetendeutsche zu halten Wir sind nicht in ein Einkaufszentrum gegangen, weil sie alle weiß waren oder weil alles schwarz war Vor der Unabhängigkeit hatte mein Großvater das Büro des Generalkanzlers in Spanish Town kontaktiert . Verpönt ist German Bohemians (German: Deutschböhmen und Deutschmährer, i.e. Daten zur Geschichte des Reichsgau Sudetenland 1938 - 1945. [5] Ethnic Germans migrated into the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electoral territory of the Holy Roman Empire, from the 11th century, mostly in the border regions of what was later called the "Sudetenland", which was named after the Sudeten Mountains.[6]. Die Flucht und Vertreibung aus Ostpreussen, Westpreussen, Pommern, Schlesien und dem Sudetenland / [herausgegeben von] Lothar O. Gaunitz. als kommunistisch-humane "Notwendigkeit": Sowjetunion und Jugoslawien / in Ostmittel - und Südosteuropa / Die kleinen Völker in den Justiz (1942): 1) Amtsgericht Aussig, Landgericht Leitmeritz, Oberlandesgericht Leitmeritz 2) Amtsgericht Karbitz, Landgericht Leitmeritz, Oberlandesgericht Leitmeritz a) Stadtkreis Aussig [Alena K Wagnerová] Home. Eleonore Schönborn, Mutter des Kardinals Christoph Schönborn, geboren am 14. The Province of German Bohemia comprised a contiguous region in North and West Bohemia stretching from the Egerland to the Braunau region along the border with the German Empire. After the beginning of the Slovak National uprising in late 1944, most of the young Germans in Slovakia were drafted in the German army, either with the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS. Das Sudetenland wird Teil des Deutschen Reiches. Die Öffentlich-Rechtlichen und die Vertreibung: kein Bedarf mehr / : Orderly and Humane. On 26 September 1918, his successor, Max Hussarek von Heinlein, offered the Czechs wide-ranging autonomy within Imperial and Royal Austria. Sehr guter Zustand. The famed writer Franz Kafka exemplifies the diversity of Bohemia since he was a Prague-based German-speaking Jew, but his surname was of Czech origin. Friedrich I., genannt „Barbarossa": 1162 Vertreibung der Einwohner Mailands aus ihrer Stadt, die sie lange Jahre nicht betreten und wieder aufbauen durften. Sudetenland oder Sudetengebiet ist eine vorwiegend nach 1918 gebrauchte Hilfsbezeichnung für ein heterogenes, nicht zusammenhängendes Gebiet entlang der Grenzen der damaligen Tschechoslowakei zu Deutschland sowie Österreich, in dem überwiegend Deutsche nach Sprache, Kultur und Eigenidentifikation lebten . Cities like Prague, however, saw more mixing between the ethnicities and also had large populations of Jews; Germans who live with Czechs fluently spoke Czech and code-switched between German and Czech when talking to Czechs and other Germans. Search. The Sudeten German population was indignant, especially in nationalist strongholds like Egerland. ; Knobloch, E.; Lelgemann, D.: Germania und die Insel Thule. Warum gibt es Sudetendeutsche? Im 14. und 15. May 8th, 2020 - als die deutschen weg waren was nach der vertreibung geschah ostpreußen schlesien sudetenland autoren adrian von arburg autor wlodzimierz borodziej autor jurij kostjaschow autor angaben produktart buch isbn 10 3 499 62204 1 isbn 13 978 3 499 62204 5 verlag rowohlt taschenbuch verlag reinbek 2 / 13 ' During World War II, German men in Slovakia usually served in the Slovak army, but more than 7,000 were members of paramilitary squads (Freiwillige Schutzstaffeln) and almost 2,000 volunteers joined the Waffen-SS. Die große Flucht Es begann an der Weichsel - Das Ende an der Elbe. [25], After the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed on 28 October 1918, the German Bohemians, claiming the right to self-determination according to the tenth of US President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, demanded that their homeland areas remain with Austria, which by then had been reduced to the Republic of German Austria. Its Czech students had become increasingly perturbed by the sole use of German for instruction. [15] Nevertheless, despite the separation, Germans often understood some Czech, and Czechs often spoke some German. Helga Sigmund kommt als quicklebendiges Kind nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg in Brünn zur Welt. All Episodes (2) Next Add a Plot » Director: Matthias Schmidt. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios`"Atlas der Oikumene". The Upper Palatine Forest, which extends along the Bavarian frontier and into the agricultural areas of southern Bohemia, was an area of German settlement. Plakette Nie wieder Krieg und Vertreibung.jpg At simultaneous mass rallies in Tetschen-Bodenbach/Děčín, Saaz/Žatec and Olešnice v Orlických horách/Gießhübl im Adlergebirge on April 26, 1936, they demanded equal opportunities in civil service for Germans, financial assistance for German businesses, official acceptance of the German language for public servants in the Sudetenland and measures to reduce unemployment in the Sudetenland. By 1863, out of 187 lecture courses, 22 were held in Czech, the remainder being in German. Following the Munich Agreement of 1938, and the subsequent Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia by Hitler in March 1939, Edvard Beneš set out to convince the Allies during World War II that the expulsion of ethnic Germans was the best solution. They were, however, permitted to take away their possessions and to legally sell their houses and land. April 1920 in Brünn, kam nach der Vertreibung aus dem Sudetenland mit ihren Kindern in Österreich unter. Siedlungsgebieten in Ost- und Südostmitteleuropa mit einem Tabu On 14 October, Raphael Pacher succeeded, together with the social democrat, Josef Seliger, in uniting all German parties and members of parliament in Bohemia and Moravia into a coalition. Zu einem Leutmannsdorf und Nedir Leutnnansdorf (tschechisch Dolni Litvinov). Vertreibung der Deutschen nach 1945 aus ihren angestammten Beck, München 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-62294-6. The preservation of German cultural dominance throughout Cisleithania had proved to be difficult and now seemed to be was utterly impossible. Sandra Hüller, Actress: Toni Erdmann. Western powers tried to calm down the situation and forced Czechoslovakia to comply with most of the Carlsbad Decrees. The SdP endorsed the idea of a Führer and mimicked Nazi methods with banners, slogans and uniformed troops. Karl Hermann Frank deputy to Heydrich, executed after World War II, Gregor Mendel who pioneered genetics by his study of peas, Oskar Schindler who rescued many of his Jewish workers during World War II, Willibald Gatter who produced the Gatter-Volksauto, an inexpensive "people's car", For information on ethnic Germans in Slovakia, see, Ethnic Germans living in the Czech lands before 1945, Gradual general acceptance of Czechoslovak citizenship, Czechoslovak Chamber of Deputies (1920–1935), Otto Bauer. Files for Vertreibung_Odsun_Das-Sudetenland_Audiodeskription_mdr-arte-2020.thumbs With the help of special Nazi forces, the Sudetendeutsche Freikorps (paramilitary groups trained in Germany by SS-instructors) took over some border areas and committed many crimes: they killed more than 110 Czechoslovaks (mostly soldiers and policemen) and kidnapped over 2,020 Czechoslovak citizens (including German antifascists), taking them to Nazi Germany. Vom Inferno zum Tabu: Zur Wahrnehmung und Wertung der Discover short videos related to Vertreibung Odsun Das Sudetenland on TikTok. In the aftermath of World War II, when the Czechoslovak state was restored, the government expelled the majority of ethnic Germans (about 3 million altogether), in the belief that their behaviour had been a major cause of the war and subsequent destruction. Helmut Preußler Verlag Nürnberg, 1988. In the months directly following the end of the war, "wild" expulsions happened from May until August 1945. Allerdings traten später einige Gemeinden aus dem Gemeindeverband wieder aus, so 1898 Wiesa, 1905 Bergesgrün und Hammer und 1913 Schönbach, Rauschengrund, Oberdorf und Sandl.1860 zählte die Stadt 3.181 Einwohner, 1880 3.813 und wuchs bis 1900 auf 8.810. Defining events later in German Bohemian history were the Hussite Wars, the occupation of Bohemia by the Czech Brethren, the Thirty Years' War, when the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were severely affected, which caused the immigration of further German settlers. The remaining faculty, students, and administrators fled to Munich in Bavaria, where they established the Collegium Carolinum, a research institute for the study of the Bohemian lands.[48]. German Bohemia, as it was to be called, was going to be separated from the Czech areas around it in the plan. WBG.2010. "Czechs and Sudeten Germans lived together peacefully as neighbors for . However the SdP, instructed to continue to push towards war, escalated the situation with more protests and violence. Das Potsdamer Protokoll, Ausweisung, Aussiedlung und Heimatverbleib / Die [15] For example, forest glass production was a common industry for German Bohemians. She is internationally known for her starring role in Maren Ade's Toni Erdmann, for which she won among others the . Vertreibung: eine mächtige Umwälzung mit tiefen Wurzeln / Der The Munich Agreement, signed September 29 by Britain, France, Germany and Italy and negotiated without Czechoslovak participation, only confirmed that decision and the negotiated details. Many Germans felt that the new constitution failed to fulfil what the Czechs had promised in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) because there were too few minority rights. Of some 80,000 social democrats in Czechoslovakia, only about 5,000 would manage to flee the Nazis. Kleineberg,A. Just text us on WhatsApp or use the chat button, our customer service representative will be in touch with you in a few seconds. Die Flucht und Vertreibung. "Als die Deutschen weg waren: Was nach der Vertreibung geschah: Ostpreußen, Schlesien, Sudetenland" (y) "Ein bewegendes Kapitel der Nachkriegsgeschichte. 1945 waren sie Kinder : Flucht und Vertreibung im Leben einer Generation. Kirby, A table of interest, at 3 1/2d. Jahrhundert übernahmen die Herren von Jahn die Herrschaft und siedelten sich hier auch an. 2001–05. 40 and state proclamation, "Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans – Radio Prague", "Census 2001 by Czech statistical office", Handbuch der Geschichte der böhmischen Länder, Facing history — The evolution of Czech-German relations in the Czech provinces, 1848–1948, Emotions prevail in relations between Germans, Czechs, Poles – poll, "A Journey into Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement", Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudeten_Germans&oldid=1050682031, Articles with bare URLs for citations from May 2021, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2021, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Hungarian Parties and Sudeten German Electoral Bloc. Verschlußsache Vertreibung / Wohin mit der Kultur der Vertriebenen? The agreement established the Dual Monarchy and gave the Hungarians sovereignty over their own affairs. Search for Library Items Search for Lists Search for . Im Buch gefunden – Seite 37Zuckerwerk Süßigkeiten/Bonbons Hantschkern Handschuhe Ich empfinde die Vertreibung aus dem Sudetenland als Unrecht. Aber wie ist dieses Vertreibungsunrecht mit der geschichtlichen Wahrheit zu bewerten? Es gab ein beinahe tausendjähriges ... In 1864, some Germans suggested the creation of a separate Czech university. Joachim Nolywaika: Flucht und Vertreibung der Deutschen Die Tragödie im Osten und im Sudetenland. Czech politicians insisted on the traditional boundaries of the Bohemian Crown according to the principle of uti possidetis juris. [34][35][36][37], The Runciman Report to the British government stated this on Czechoslovakia's policy towards the German minority during the preceding decades:[38]. The Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft claims to represent the German refugees from the former Czechoslovak Republic, but its conservative positions were and are discussed very controversially among the refugees themselves, with many choosing not to associate with the organization. Integration?

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